纽约时报
美國報章
此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 |
此条目介绍的是报纸。关于其他用法，请见“New York Times (消歧义)”。“NYT”重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见“NYT (消歧义)”。
《纽约时报》（英语：The New York Times，缩写：NYT，简称：NY Times），有时也被称为《时报》（The Times，注意和英国《泰晤士报》区分），是一份总部设在纽约的美国报纸，创办于1851年，其影响力和读者群覆盖全球[5][6]。绰号“灰色女士”（the Gray Lady），在业内一直被视为全国性的“档案记录报”[7]。报纸的座右铭是“所有适合刊载的新闻”（All the News That's Fit to Print），出现在头版的左上角。《纽约时报》共获得了130项普利策奖，是获得最多此奖项的报纸。按发行量计算，它在全球排名第18位，在美国排名第3位[8]。
| 纽约时报 The New York Times | |
|---|---|
| 所有适合刊载的新闻 All the News That's Fit to Print | |
 | |
 1851年9月18日创刊号头版 | |
| 类型 | 日报 |
| 版式 | 大报 |
| 持有者 | 纽约时报公司 |
| 创办者 | 亨利·贾维斯·雷蒙德 乔治·琼斯 |
| 出版商 | 阿瑟·格瑞格·索尔兹伯格 |
| 编辑 | 迪恩·巴奎特 |
| 执行主编 | 周看 |
| 社评编辑 | 凯瑟琳·金斯伯里（代理）[1] |
| 体育编辑 | 杰森·斯托曼[2] |
| 摄影编辑 | 米歇尔·麦克纳利 |
| 作者群 | 1,300名新闻部门人员（2016年） |
| 创刊日 | 1851年9月18日（最初为《纽约每日时报》） |
| 政治立场 | 自由主义 |
| 总部 |  美国纽约第八大道620号纽约时报大厦 |
| 发行量 | |
| ISSN | 0362-4331 |
| OCLC 编号 | 1645522 |
| 售价 |
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| 网站 |
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该报纸隶属于上市公司纽约时报公司。自1896年以来，该公司一直通过双层股权结构为索尔兹伯格家族所有[9]。阿瑟·格瑞格·索尔兹伯格和他的父亲小阿瑟·奥茨·索尔兹伯格，分别是报纸出版者和公司董事长，是掌管报纸的第四代和第五代家族成员[10]。
从1970年代中期起，《纽约时报》扩展它的版面和组织，在常规新闻、社论、体育和特写的基础上，每周增设各种专题的特别版面。自2008年以来，《纽约时报》已经被组织成以下部分：新闻、社论/观点专栏/评论、纽约（大都市）、商业、体育、艺术、科学、时尚、家庭、旅行和其他特色。星期日，《纽约时报》还会有《星期日评论》（Sunday Review）（以前是《评论周刊》（Week in Review）[11]、《纽约时报书评》（The New York Times Book Review）、《纽约时报杂志》（The New York Times Magazine）[12]和《T Magazine》（T: The New York Times Style Magazine）[13]作为补充。
《纽约时报》在大多数报纸改为六栏版面之后，几年来一直保持着大报、整版和八栏版面[14]，也是最后一批采用彩色照片的报纸之一，尤其是在头版[15]。
历史
编辑早期
编辑1851年9月18日，亨利·J·雷蒙德和乔治·琼斯创立了《纽约每日时报》（The New-York Daily Times）。《纽约每日时报》最初由雷蒙德琼斯公司负责发行[16]，早期投资人包括埃德温·巴伯·摩根[17]、克里斯托弗·摩根[18]和爱德华·B·韦斯利[19]。最初售价为1便士（相当于2020年的0.31美元）。创刊号试图解决发行前对其目的和立场的各种猜测[20]：
在我们认为保守主义对公共利益至关重要的所有情况下，我们将是保守派；而在我们看来需要激进处理和激进改革的所有情况下，我们将是激进派。我们不相信社会上的一切都完全正确或完全错误；好的东西我们希望保留和改进；坏的东西则要消灭或改革。
1852年，《纽约每日时报》的西部分刊《加利福尼亚时报》（The Times of California）创刊，每当纽约邮轮停靠加利福尼亚时，该报就会随船到来。然而，随着加州当地报纸的逐步崛起后，该报逐步衰微[21]。
1857年9月14日，该报纸正式将其名称缩短为《纽约时报》（The New-York Times）。1896年12月1日，“New-York”中的连接号被除去[22]。1861年4月21日，《纽约时报》开始出版周日版，以提供对内战的每日报道。
纽约征兵暴动期间，《纽约时报》的总部曾遭到袭击。时报创始人之一亨利·贾维斯·雷蒙德曾在纽约市政厅对面的柏路上亲自使用加特林机枪阻击暴徒。暴徒后来转移方向袭击霍勒斯·格里利的《纽约论坛报》办公室，最后被渡过东河前来援助曼哈顿政府的布鲁克林市警察击退[23]。
1869年，亨利·雷蒙德去世。雷蒙德去世后，《纽约时报》的发行人一职也由乔治·琼斯接替[24]。
1870至1871年间，《纽约时报》的影响力有所增长，期间该报发表了一系列关于纽约市民主党领导人威廉·特威德及“坦慕尼协会”的揭露报道，并使得特威德集团下台[25]。特威德曾试图向《纽约时报》提供500万美元的封口费[17]。
1880年代前的纽约时报社论版文章通常支持共和党候选人的立场，但在这十年里社论版逐步过渡到重视独立、分析性文章的立场[26]。1884年美国总统选举中，《纽约时报》宣布支持民主党候选人格罗弗·克利夫兰[27]。这一举措使得该报共和党读者数一度骤减（1883–1884年间的收入从18万8000美元降至5万6000美元），但没过多久该报便重拾影响力[28]。
奥克斯时代
编辑
1891年琼斯去世后，查尔斯·兰森·米勒和《纽约时报》的其他编辑举资100万美元（约合今日的3600万美元）收购了《纽约时报》，并以纽约时报出版公司的名义负责发行[29][30]。没过几年，该报又深陷1893年恐慌带来的危机之中[28]。到1896年，该报的发行量已不足为9000份，且每日亏损1000美元。同年，阿道夫·奥克斯花7万5000元收购了濒于破产的时报[31]。
收购《纽约时报》后不久，奥克斯提出了《纽约时报》的格言：“所有值得印刷的新闻”（All the News That's Fit to Print）。该格言最早出现于1896年9月刊中，自1897年初开始被印在头版左上角的方框中。这句格言也是对同行的一句嘲讽，因为，当时包括约瑟夫·普利策的《纽约世界报》和威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特的《纽约日报》在内的一些报纸以对事实和观点的煽情和经常不准确的报道闻名，而这些在19世纪末被称为“黄色新闻”[32]。
一战后的扩张
编辑
1935年5月奥克斯去世后一个月，其女婿索尔兹伯格接过时报发行人的大印。索尔兹伯格领导时报度过了经济大萧条的危机和二战的艰苦岁月，在他任内20多年，时报的新闻采访范围进一步扩大，广告收入翻了一倍，技术设备得到极大的更新。
1960年代，纽约时报参与曝光“五角大楼文件”。1964年，纽约时报在纽约时报诉沙利文案中胜诉，确立了言论自由中真实恶意的原则。
《纽约时报》第四代发行人是索尔兹伯格的独子，人称“彭区”的阿瑟·奥茨·索尔兹伯格，他励精图治，选拔麦森、罗森索等优秀编辑、经营人才，引进先进技术，开拓多元化经营。彭区在任30年，时报走出了濒临崩溃的困境，积累了雄厚的物质基础，1963年时报的总收入为1亿美元，到1991年，时报总公司的收入已达17亿美元，在这一过程中，《纽约时报》也完成了由家族式经营向市场式经营的转型。
1992年，经过多年培养后，彭区将时报发行人大印传给儿子，这便是《纽约时报》的第五任掌门人——小阿瑟·奥茨·索尔兹伯格。[33]小阿瑟比父辈更追逐利润，他试图促成《纽约时报》平民化，使各种人群都能够接受，因此涉及“煽情新闻”，使得《时报》一度失去公众的信任。1996年1月19日，纽约时报网站nytimes.com正式上线。[34]
21世纪
编辑
2008年12月受到次级房贷风暴和延伸的全球经济衰退影响，出现周转问题，将总部大楼抵押贷款。[35]2009年1月20日向墨西哥富翁和电信巨头Carlos Slim Helu借款2.50亿。3月9日将新大楼股份作价2.25亿出售回租（sale-leaseback agreement）。保留在2019年之前以2.50亿买回的权利。[36]
2011年3月，引进新的“付费墙”（paywall）商业模式。[37]2012年6月28日，纽约时报中文网上线，旨在向中国读者介绍《纽约时报》的优秀作品。[38][39]在开通当日，《纽约时报》经过新浪认证的微博帐号就无法转发和评论，第二天更被删除，虽然之后曾经短暂恢复，但最终还是被删除。[40]而《纽约时报》在腾讯、网易、搜狐的账号一样被全部删除。新浪的账号在同年10月10日被恢复。
2012年8月14日，英国广播公司（BBC）前总裁马克·汤普森（Mark Thompson）被任命为《纽约时报》新任执行总裁。[41]2020年7月22日，纽约时报宣布玛丽迪斯·K·莱文（Meredith Kopit Levin）将接替汤普森出任其首席执行官兼总裁；莱文履新的日期为2020年9月8日。
内容
编辑
销售
编辑《纽约时报》在2025年8月共有1,188万订阅者。其中数字版有113万、纸本版则有58万。公司则希望在2027年能把订阅者提升至1,500万。[42]《纽约时报》的主要营收原本以广告为主，但Vox发现在唐纳德·特朗普赢得2016年美国总统选举后，《纽约时报》的营收已经开始依赖订阅用户：在2007年，其广告收入占63%、订阅则为27%；到了2017年，订阅收入占61%，广告收入则占33%。[43]
2022年，Vox针对《纽约时报》的订阅者做出深入调查，发现其与美国人口相比“更年长、更富有、肤色更白、且更偏向自由派”。《纽约时报》也为了扩展读者群而做出很多努力：比方说，他们在2022年就并购与《纽约时报》读者没什么重叠的《The Athletic》以外，还投资了专门做游戏的“The New York Times Games”、并开展一连串强调订阅户多元性的广告营销。梅雷迪思·科皮特·莱维恩在报导中表示《纽约时报》订阅者的年龄保持稳定不变，而没有越来越年长。[44]
政治立场
编辑许多意见视《纽约时报》为美国自由派的报纸。[45]皮尤研究中心曾于2014年，针对媒体的政治偏见提出十个问题并加以研究。他们研究的结果，把《纽约时报》的意识形态归为偏向自由派。[46]2019年，也针对其读者做调查，发现大约84%的读者表示自己偏向自由派。[47]《纽约时报》内部试图平衡其报导范围，并驳斥左翼认为该报在报导特朗普时“政治粉饰”其观点的指控。[48]
2024年4月，The Intercept获取《纽约时报》的内部备忘录，发现该报在2023年报导加沙战争时，要求记者尽可能避免提及“巴勒斯坦”（Palestine）、“种族灭绝”（genocide）、“难民营”（refugee camps）等词，并仅限特定情境下使用。该报调查发现《纽约时报》在报导使用“大屠杀”（massacre）一词时，有53次用于被巴勒斯坦人杀害的以色列平民，但在面对更多被以色列人杀害的巴勒斯坦平民时[注 1]，只使用一次。[49]作家反加沙战争联盟在反锡安主义网站Mondoweiss将俄罗斯入侵乌克兰和加沙战争做对比，指责《纽约时报》服膺美国的政治利益。[50]
风格
编辑行文格式
编辑《纽约时报》自1895年创刊以来就维持一种连贯的格式。1999年，《纽约时报》内部将这些格式编列为《纽约时报风格与用语手册》。[51]
《纽约时报》使用尊称称呼人名，该报的审稿编辑Merrill Perlman称此种用法为“文明的象征”。在《美联社格式手册》和《华尔街日报》分别于2020年2023年放弃使用尊称后，《纽约时报》成为美国唯一还在使用尊称的全国性日报。[52]这种尊称用法的惯例也使肉卷的歌迷误以为纽时称他为“洛夫先生”（Mr. Loaf）。[53]不遵从尊称惯例的例外有过去的体育版和《纽约时报书评》。[54]根据2011年5月泄漏的备忘录中，纽时编辑在发表奥萨马·本·拉登之死的报导前，要求把奥萨马·本·拉登的尊称拿掉。纽约时报的风格手册要求不对已故历史人物使用尊称（例如希特勒、拿破仑、列宁等）。[55]《纽约时报》还会使用学术或军事头衔，来称呼在对应领域表现突出的人。[56]1986年，《纽约时报》以Ms.称呼女性[54]，并在2015年导入了Mx.的性别中性称呼。[57]另外，若受访者有表达偏好的话，《纽约时报》会尊重其偏好，使用有中间名首字母的略称。例如唐纳德·特朗普在《纽约时报》的笔下就是“Donald J. Trump”。[58]
《纽约时报》使用的用词偏向严格：低俗的粗话、短语等不会采用，但不会到非常极端的地步。该报的音乐评论家Kelefa Sanneh表示在加拿大的硬核朋克团体名字“Fucked Up”不会出现在《纽约时报》的上面，而是以星号的“********”表示。Sanneh还说“除非美国总统或类似职位的人不小心把这名字说溜嘴了”，不然这名字不会印上去。[59]《纽约时报》在报导迪克·切尼对联邦参议员帕特里克·莱希讲粗口时没有提及切尼说的“fuck”一词。[60]他们在2010年报导乔·拜登对患者保护与平价医疗法案时，也没有提及他“big fucking deal”（干他妈的大案）的评论。[61]粗话政策在特朗普治下的政府受到严格考验。2016年10月。在报导录影门时候，该报就照述了特朗普使用的各种粗话，如“fuck”、“pussy”、“bitch”、“tits”等。这是该报首次在头版刊登粗话。[62]在2017年7月报导时任白宫通信主管安东尼·斯卡拉穆奇时，该报也照述了他“fucking”与“suck my own cock”的发言。[63]2018年1月，《纽约时报》在头条报导特朗普的“shithole countries”发言时，省略了该称呼，而是以“粗俗语言”称之。[64]另外在《纽约时报》管理下的Wordle，也禁用了“bitch”、“whore”、“sluts”等答案。[65]
下标
编辑一般而言，《纽约时报》的下标由专门撰写标题的文字编辑决定。该报的内部指引要求下标要抓住文章要点，但避免透露结尾。其他要求则有谨慎使用俚语、避免小报式下标、结尾词性不可为介词、形容词、冠词，并避免使用双关语。[66]《纽约时报》有时候也会出于各种争议而修改其下标。2019年，特朗普就当年于埃尔帕索与代顿枪击案后发表相关言论。《纽约时报》针对其言论下标了“特朗普呼吁团结对抗种族主义”（Trump Urges Unity vs. Racism）。但在FiveThirtyEight的创办人纳特·西尔弗言词批评后，该报就把下标换为“呼吁对抗仇恨，但不对抗枪支”（Assailing Hate But Not Guns）。[67]
《纽约时报》网络版下标长度没有印刷版严格：印刷版标题必须符合一栏的篇幅，通常为六个字外，标题也必须正确换行，介词与副词不能分开。网络版作者可以在事件有后续进展时修改标题，使其更贴合文章内容。2017年3月，特朗普在接受《时代杂志》采访提及特别顾问调查时，指控该报篡改了下标：当时的印刷版使用了“窃听”（wiretap）一词，但在前一天的网络版并未使用该词。《纽约时报》随后以前文解释两者差异。[68]针对主页文章，《纽约时报》网络版会同时发表两个不同的标题，以实行A/B测试，并选择流量最高的标题。[69]
报头
编辑目前《纽约时报》的报头源于1967年并维持至今。亨利·贾维斯·雷蒙德在决定最初的报头时，使用了《泰晤士报》的哥特体“Textura”报头。该字型曾于罗马帝国的衰落流行一时，并在阿尔琴地区发展出变体。在1857年9月14日更名为《The New-York Times》时，报头也随之调整。在乔治·琼斯任内，“N”、“r”与“s”字母的后缀刻意被画为花体延伸。1894年1月15日，报头再次修剪后缀，使边缘更为平滑，并将支撑“T”的笔画转为装饰。1896年12月1日，在阿道夫·奥克斯收购该报后，该报移除了报头的连字号。1914年12月30日，“h”的降部被缩短。[70]
1967年2月21日，《纽约时报》推行了该报至今最大的报头改动。当时的字体设计师Ed Benguiat重新设计了标志，最显著的是将箭头装饰改为菱形，并移除了此前一直跟在“Times”一词后面的句点。移除句点引发了相当程度的负面反响。有读者将这次移除比作“对海伦进行整形手术”。图片编辑John Radosta与纽约大学教授合作，计算出移除句点为报社节省了41.28美元（相当于2025年的$398.59）。[70]
争议与批评
编辑《纽约时报》自1851年创报后，就涉及多起争议事件。许多评论指控该报有反犹太情绪[71][72]、媒体偏见[73][74][75]等问题。在报导萨达姆·侯赛因时，其误导性质的报导，以及对伊拉克战争的作用，也是常被批评的焦点。[76][77]
屏蔽
编辑中国大陆
编辑纽约时报的网站在未知时间被中国大陆防火长城屏蔽，汤马斯·佛里曼在2001年8月和江泽民见面并询问此事，江泽民表示不知情，时报网站几天后被解除屏蔽。[38]网站于2008年10月16日（周四）晚又被防火长城屏蔽[78]，本次封锁于20日被解除[79]。
在中文网上线的前一天，即2012年6月27日，《纽约时报》在中国大陆各个网站开通认证微博，但一天后，其新浪weibo.com/nytchinese、网易t.163.com/nytchinese、搜狐nytchinese.t.sohu.com及腾讯t.qq.com/nytchinese均被销号[80]。《纽约时报》中文网自2012年6月28日上线以来至2012年10月26日止，整个网站没有被中国大陆完全屏蔽，但会对其中一些当局不愿意看到的文章进行个别动态封锁。而在中文网未推出前，英文网站曾不时被完全封锁。[38]2012年10月26日，中文网刊登了一篇揭露中国领导人家属累积巨额财富的文章《总理家人的隐秘财富》[81]后，nytimes.com全站的IP地址在中国大陆被完全屏蔽，“.nytimes.com”被防火长城加入URL关键字列表。同时，《纽约时报》的新浪微博帐号被强制删除，用户在新浪微博搜索“纽约时报”时，系统会提示“根据相关法律法规和政策，搜索结果未予显示”的信息[82]。
同日，中文网又刊登了一篇文章“《纽约时报》网站在中国大陆遭屏蔽”[83]，表明了自己的观点。另不把《总理家人的隐秘财富》置于头版。此前，彭博新闻社因报道习近平的财富，网站同样被完全封锁。[84]
GreatFire为《纽约时报》在CloudFlare等云服务供应商上建立了多个镜像，并在Github上存放了镜像的网址，以规避防火长城的屏蔽。2015年3月，Github及这些云服务供应商皆遭到分布式拒绝服务攻击攻击。在这些攻击中，防火长城似乎被用作了武器，将流经它的海量网络流量中的一部分，指向这些网站，使目标网站重载。北京中央政府的这种做法，既利用也损害了本国的互联网公司百度，它是中国最大的搜索引擎。那些攻击手段似乎劫持了本应流向百度的广告和分析流量，然后再将那些流量转移到较小的网站上。巨大的数据流可以起到让那些网站瘫痪的效果。[85]
2015年7月，《纽约时报》发布了新版本中文手机应用，采用了不同的文章检索方式，能够绕过防火墙的封锁。但在2016年底，时报的中英两版应用在苹果公司App Store中国区均遭下架，苹果公司称“被告知该应用违反当地法规”。《纽约时报》方面要求苹果公司重新考虑此决定，向国家互联网信息办公室提出疑问则未得到回应。英国《金融时报》记者Patrick McGee在其2025年的《Apple in China》一书中引述当时的苹果App Store负责人Philip Shoemaker说，中国政府最初要求苹果将《纽约时报》app在全球——而非仅中国地区——App Store下架，被苹果拒绝。（《Apple in China》第32章）[86][87]
纽约时报题材作品
编辑- 书籍
- 《Kingdom and power》
- 《The Trust：Private and powerful Family behind the NYT》
- 《Page One: Inside The New York Times and the Future of Journalism》by David Folkenflik and Participant Media
- 纪录片
- 同名纪录片 by Andrew Rossi and Kate Novack
参见
编辑备注
编辑- ^ 根据The Intercept指出，当时估计的巴勒斯坦死亡人数至少超过33,000人，其中至少有15,000名儿童。
- ^ 原文：Obvious wordplay, such as Rubber Industry Bounces Back, “should be tested on a trusted colleague the way mine shaft air is tested on a canary. When no song bursts forth, start rewriting.
参考文献
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书本来源
编辑- Talese, Gay. The Kingdom and the Power 2. Cleveland: World Publishing Company. 1981.
- Nagourney, Adam. The Times: How the Newspaper of Record Survived Scandal, Scorn, and the Transformation of Journalism. New York City: Crown Publishing Group. 2023. ISBN 9780451499363.
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- The unravelling of The New York Times' 'Hamas rape' story. Al Jazeera. March 4, 2024 [April 13, 2024].
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- Robertson, Katie. The Times Reaches a Contract Deal With Its Newsroom Union. The New York Times. May 23, 2023 [October 2, 2023].
- Robertson, Katie. The New York Times Passes 10 Million Subscribers. The New York Times. November 8, 2023 [November 8, 2023].
- Robertson, Katie. New York Times Revenue Jumps 9.7% From Subscriptions and Ads. The New York Times. August 6, 2025 [August 6, 2025].
- Robertson, Katie; Koblin, John. The New York Times to Disband Its Sports Department. The New York Times. July 10, 2023 [October 30, 2023].
- Robertson, Katie; Fandos, Nicholas. The New York Times Will Stop Endorsing Candidates in New York Races. The New York Times. August 12, 2024 [August 15, 2024].
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延伸阅读
编辑- Davis, Elmer Holmes. History of the New York Times, 1851–1921. The New York Times. 1921.
- Durham, Meenakshi G. 'Vicious assault shakes Texas town': the politics of gender violence in The New York Times' coverage of a schoolgirl's gang rape . Journalism Studies. 2013-02, 14 (1): 1–12 [2020-12-19]. ISSN 1461-670X. S2CID 141709189. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2012.657907. （原始内容存档于2021-04-20）.
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- Schwarz, Daniel R. End Times?: Crises and Turmoil at The New York Times, 1999-2009. Albany: SUNY Press. January 2, 2014 [2020-12-19]. ISBN 978-1438438962. OCLC 802059662. （原始内容存档于2021-05-01）.
- Salisbury, Harrison E. Without Fear or Favor: The New York Times and Its Times (First ed.). New York: Times Books. 1980. ISBN 978-0812908855.
- Taylor, S. J. Stalin's Apologist: Walter Duranty: The New York Times's Man in Moscow (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 1990-03-29. ISBN 978-0195057003.
外部链接
编辑
维基新闻中的相关报导：中国周一解除对纽约时报网站的屏蔽
- 官方网站
（英文） - 纽约时报公司 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- 纽约时报中文网 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（中文）
- 纽约时报中文网的Facebook专页
- 纽约时报中文网的X（前Twitter）账号
- 互联网档案馆中纽约时报的作品或与之相关的作品
来自纽约时报的LibriVox公共领域有声读物
